(b) Levels of callose and pathogen (arbitrary units) over 200 time units of simulation, for systems where the host shows: no resistance response: PTI, host shows PTI only PTI+ETS, host shows PTI only but the pathogen suppresses PTI by effector production PTI+ETS+ ETI, host exhibits PTI and ETI, but the pathogen suppresses PTI by effector production. (b), (c) Quantitative output of the immune system model. Activated R protein* also increases the rate at which the local microbial population is depleted, as an abstraction of ETI. As a proxy for PTI, callose also increases the rate at which local microbe populations decline, and acts to reduce the rate at which effector is translocated into the cell. Within the cell compartment, if there is activated PRR*, the plant also produces callose, as a proxy for PTI activity. The effector may be internalized to the cell (translocation), where it may interact reversibly with plant R protein to produce an activated R protein* species. The PAMP may interact reversibly with plant pattern‐recognition receptor ( PRR) to produce an activated PRR* species. by diffusion or destruction) in the extracellular compartment. While local to the plant, the microbe produces two species: pathogen‐associated molecular patterns ( PAMP) and effector both species can be lost (e.g. The rate at which the microbe is ‘destroyed’, which may be interpreted, for example, as microbial movement or death, is enhanced by pattern‐triggered immunity ( PTI) and effector‐triggered immunity ( ETI). In the extracellular compartment the local microbial population is drawn from a remote bulk population and is also ‘destroyed’, as indicated by the arrow pointing to the empty set symbol (ϕ). The system is divided into two ‘compartments’: extracellular (external to the cell wall) and intracellular (internal to the cell wall). Avoid rapid and dramatic reductions in canopy cover or basal area in wet areas to reduce risk of swamping.(a) Schematic diagram of the model plant immune system (BioModels: MODEL1408280000).Following BMPs around streams and buffering associated drainages will reduce eutrophication and prevent water quality degradation. This species is likely sensitive to water quality.Minimize disturbance to hydrology, including soil disturbance from rutting.Management guidelines are additional considerations that may help maintain or enhance habitat for this species However, in areas of the state where frozen conditions are unreliable, very dry soils late in the growing season might be the best available alternative. Ideally, this would involve frozen, snow-covered ground. Avoid known individual plant locations and conduct operations elsewhere when they are least likely to cause damage.Avoid broadcast spraying of herbicides use care with spot spraying.These are specific actions designed to avoid 'take' (mortality) of this species. Sources used in developing this information can be found here.

These are a work in progress, and we welcome your suggestions and feedback. The Endangered Resources Program has developed avoidance measures and management guidelines for plants on the Natural Heritage Working List. Comments: Associated Species: Cladium mariscoides, Scirpus americanus, Eleocharis elliptica, Lobelia kalmii, Potentilla anserina.Optimum time to identify: The optimal identification period for this species is August through September.Blooming phenology: late June to August.Leaf characteristics: Tiny, linear, often found on basal branches buried beneath surface.Fruit characteristics: Round capsule with 2 valves.Flower characteristics: Flowers both cleistogamous and chasmogamous fully open (chasmogamous) flowers are yellow and 2-lipped with lower lip larger than upper lip cleistogamous flowers inconspicuous.Distinguishing characteristics: Distinguished by its small calyx (less than 2 mm long) and leaves (simple, filiform, embedded in substrate).Synonyms: Setiscapella cleistogama, Setiscapella subulata, Utricularia cleistogama Identification The optimal identification period for this species is August through September. Blooming occurs late June to August fruiting occurs July to August. Zigzag Bladderwort ( Utricularia subulata), a plant, is found near Lake Michigan in wet places between dunes, as well as in bogs or poor fens.

Zigzag plant information